Plastic Sulfur - Simple Sulfur Polymer Demo

Did you know that you can make a polymer from an element? Turn ordinary sulfur into rubbery plastic sulfur and then back into its brittle crystalline form. Plastic Sulfur Materials 50 g sulfur  test tube (25 mm x 200 mm)burnertest tube clampbeaker of water (500 mL or so)tongs Procedure To Polymerize Sulfur Youll melt the sulfur, which changes from a yellow powder into a blood-red liquid. When the molten sulfur is poured into the beaker of water, it forms a rubbery mass, which remains in polymer form for a variable length of time, but eventually crystallizes into a brittle form. Fill the test tube with pure sulfur powder or pieces until it is within a couple of centimeters of the top of the tube.Using a test tube clamp to hold the tube, place the tube in a burner flame to melt the sulfur. The yellow sulfur will turn into a red liquid as it melts. The sulfur may ignite in the flame. This is fine. If ignition occurs, expect a blue flame at the mouth of the test tube.Pour the molten sulfur into a beaker of water. If the sulfur is burning, youll get a spectacular burning stream from the tube into the water! The sulfur forms a golden-brown string as it hits the water.You can use tongs to remove the mass of polymer sulfur from the water and examine it. This rubbery form will last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours before reverting to the usual yellow brittle rhomic crystalline form. How It Works Usually sulfur occurs in orthorhomic form as eight-membered cyclic rings of monomeric S8. The rhomic form melts at 113 °C. When it is heated over 160deg;C, sulfur forms high molecular weight linear polymers. The polymer form is brown and consists of polymer chains containing about a million atoms per chain. However, the polymer form is not stable at room temperature, so the chains eventually break and reform the S8 rings. Safety The sulfur is safe to recycle or dispose in any waste container.Use care when handling the plastic sulfur, as it may still be hot/molten for several minutes.Its best to perform this project under a hood or outdoors, since sulfur dioxide (SO2) will be released if the sulfur ignites. Sulfur dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which is irritating and toxic. Source: B. Z. Shakhashiri, 1985, Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry, vol. 1, pp. 243-244. Related Projects You can use sulfur from this project to make both a mixture and a compound with sulfur and iron. If the polymer aspect of the project interested you, other simple polymers you can make include natural plastic from milk or a polymer bouncy ball. Feel free to play with the ratio of ingredients in polymer and plastic recipes to see they affect the final project.

Karl Marx s View On Race And Ethnicity - 865 Words

Race is rarely mentioned by the three early proponents of the field of sociology, Karl Marx, Emiele Durkheim and Max Weber. However, when it is cited, these sociologists voiced very diverse opinions on the matter of race and oppression. Marx regarded race as vestige of the pre-industrial era and thus, would be superseded by â€Å"reductionism† (Cite). Emiele Durkheim believed race, which he referred to as â€Å"ethnicity,† was a factor in connecting an individual to a subgroup of society, but played little importance in the overall functional social structure (Cite). In contrast, Max Weber thought that the subject of race was much more complicated, and suggested that the oppression of ethnic minorities exists due to the â€Å"followers of the traditional authority structure (believing) they are legitimate† (Jackson 14). THESIS? To understand Karl Marx’s view on race and ethnicity, one must first comprehend his theories on social structure, capitalism, materialism and alienation of the common worker. Marx was writing during a period of industrial advancement and believed the basis of all social and historical conflict was imbedded in the struggle between classes. Moreover, during the industrial revolution, Marx saw how manufacturing businesses owned by the Bourgeoisie were excelling, while a vast majority of the working class (proletariats) were still living in poverty. These large income divides between the Bourgeoisie and the proletariats only reinforced Marx’s theory that historyShow MoreRelatedSociological Perspectives On Race And Ethnicity1442 Words   |  6 PagesIssues of race and ethnicity can be seen through three noteworthy sociological viewpoints: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. 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Fuzzy Mixed Integer Programming for Marketing Planning

Question: Describe about A fuzzy mixed integer programming for marketing planning? Answer: Introduction Mackert (2012) commented on the fact that marketing plan can be defined as a blueprint that outlines the marketing efforts of an organization (Vos and Brennan, 2010). This includes the marketing strategies and the marketing mix that will help the organization in gaining a competitive position in this highly competitive market. In addition to this, according to Taghian (2010) the marketing aims and objectives are so jotted down that will help in understanding the present market situation. This assignment describes the SWOT analysis, STP, marketing strategy along with marketing programs and controlling matrices of Lazlo Vitamins Pty Ltd. The company was established in 1986 in Adelaide that sells vitamins and nutritional supplements all through South Australia. Current Marketing Situation After the establishment of Lazlo, the demand of the products was growing in a rapid pace. Lazlo sold nearly 2000000 products every year (Kavle et al. 2012). The sales of Vitamin supplements that consisted of vitamin A, B, C and E covered up nearly three quarters and the remaining portion consisted of herbal remedies (Vos and Brennan, 2010). In 2012, Lazlo had spent 45,000 on advertisements and sometimes places advertisements either on morning radio and Football League team (Slater et al. 2010). By 2013, Lazlo sold $ 600000 annually to approx to 10 stores. With the high rate of increasing fat among the people of Australia, the sales of this organization are also increasing. This is because; the vitamin sales are more than 4.9% of the volume terms (Noy, 2010). SWOT Analysis According to Danaei et al. (2014), SWOT analysis is the acronym of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat. The Strength of the company is that the company sells products to the Australian people since they are in love with the love pills that increased the sales volume to a maximum extent (Vos and Brennan, 2010). The modern products that came into the market in 2013 also added strength to the company that helped in increasing the sales of the company. Moreover, Kashif et al. (2015) had an opinion that the low cholesterol medicines sold by the company also was a big hit. The strong completion from the Health-EE and Blackstone are the main weakness. This is because these companies sells their products through the supermarkets and have huge pharmacy chains The advertisements endorsed by these companies also increases the customer data base and it also increases the increase in sales of the organization (Lange, 2010). Das (2014) commented on the fact that the opportunities of this company are its loyal customers as well as its launching of new products for the customers. The threat of Lazlo is that it helps in locally launching the product in 2013 that didnt go well since the cost of $175000 was required for packaging, adjusting as well as sourcing the raw materials (Vos and Brennan, 2010). STP for representing the brand According to Kashif et al. (2015), Lazlo segmented the organization on the basis of the products that are aimed for the customers of different ages. These ages are mainly focused due to their different needs and requirements. The low cholesterol medicines are focused to the people those suffering from diabetes. The vitamin supplementary medicines are focused to those people that are suffering from obesity (Vos and Brennan, 2010). The medicines that are prepared by the company are targeted to the people facing several problems like diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity etc. In addition to this, Danaei et al. (2014) had commented that for a proper positioning of the brand among the people launced the products that are in great demand among the people. The company believed in less advertisements and endorsements and preferred introduction of more products into the market. Marketing Strategy Kavle et al. (2012) had an opinion that Lazlo has a strong marketing strategy that the company follows for reaching a position that it has reached today. The launches of mineral supplements, vitamins, herbal remedies are a bug hit in Australia since they are very much popular among the Australians. Again, Taghian (2010) commented on the very fact that the low cholesterol pills were also a hit among the Australians. The marketing strategies are so made on the demands of the customer and are totally centered to the customer requirements and needs (Noy, 2010). Marketing Program According to Das (2014), the marketing program is the process that helps in developing the brand strategy that leads to the implications as well as emergence of sales growth. Marketing program of Lazlo are so held that it helps in having a well depth knowledge regarding the current market scenario as well as market strategy that are needed for market analysis. From the view point of Lange (2010), the marketing program is so made that helps in giving a critical contribution to the company. The marketing program are so made that it is totally customer centric and competitive in their approach. This also helps in creating customer value as well as making the strategies according to the present market scenario (Vos and Brennan, 2010). Control and Matrices In order to track how the plan is progressing, Lazlo needs to implement certain key performance indicators (KPI) (Vos and Brennan, 2010). Assessment of the KPI will help the organization to keep the plan on track. Below are the details of the KPIs that need to use: Tracking sales figure monthly basis; Tracking cost per lead; Customer value; Inbound marketing ROI; Sales qualified leads; Sales accepted leads; Market share: Lazlo had 7% market share of the SA vitamin and mineral/herbal supplement market; National Pharmacies and IGA, to two customers of Lazlo, both in SA, comprised 80% of Lazlo's total sales; Average: In 2013, National Pharmacies bought $1,600,000 worth from Lazlo; In 2013, IGA bought $800,000; Lazlos sales to independent health food retailers (bricks and mortar) stores in SA totaled an additional $600,000 annually; So, the average sales per annum of Lazlo are $1,000,000. Competition: Health-EE, Switz and Blackstone are the main competitor of Lazlo; Health-EE, Switz and Blackstone sell a wide variety of vitamin and mineral products, primarily for brands with national recognition and wide range; The grocery industry in Australia had been abuzz with the conflicts in play between these two big retailers and their suppliers of branded products in categories like milk, bread and soft drink, as they placed pressure on price levels and reduced their numbers of manufacturer brands for private label brands; Health-EE offered a wide range of around 40 products including all vitamins from A seemingly to Z, including Vitamin M or Folate which was linked to desirable health outcomes for pregnancy; as well as products such as Selenium, believed to aid sleep. Blackstone had current sales levels of approximately one hundred and ten million dollars around the country. Switz had vaulted from being a small brand to virtually market leader by over-investing in mass media advertising. Recommendation: Lazlo initially have not gone for any kind of advertisements and endorsements as a marketing strategy but rather has launched new and innovative pills for the customers. So, it requires to incorporate advertise and endorsement strategy to enhance its market share; Lazlo needs to launch its own cholesterol-reducing product for the health conscious people; As mentioned in the case study, Lazlo should enter into the cosmetics industry through product diversification; Conclusion This assignment is totally focused on the Lazlos marketing plan that it has adopted for creating value among the people of Australia. This is so created for the company in understanding its current position as well as to understand the competitors position and problem. Moreover, the assignment has understood the marketing strategies, the marketing programs, STP etc. for having an effective market strategy. References Danaei, A., Hemmati, M. and Naseri Kohneshahri, G. (2014). A fuzzy mixed integer programming for marketing planning. 10.5267/j.msl, pp.493-496. Das, G. (2014). Store personality and consumer store choice behaviour: an empirical examination. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 32(3), pp.375-394. Kashif, M., Sarifuddin, S. and Hassan, A. (2015). Charity donation: intentions and behaviour. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 33(1), pp.90-102. Kavle, J., Eber, M. and Lundgren, R. (2012). The Potential for Social Marketing a Knowledge-Based Family Planning Method. Social Marketing Quarterly, 18(2), pp.152-166. Lange, C. (2010). Visibility and involvement in effective arts marketing. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 28(5), pp.650-668. Mackert, M. (2012). Account Planning: Applying an Advertising Discipline to Health Communication and Social Marketing. Health Marketing Quarterly, 29(3), pp.270-282. Noy, E. (2010). Niche strategy: merging economic and marketing theories with population ecology arguments. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 18(1), pp.77-86. Slater, S., Hult, G. and Olson, E. (2010). Factors influencing the relative importance of marketing strategy creativity and marketing strategy implementation effectiveness. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(4), pp.551-559. Taghian, M. (2010). Marketing planning: Operationalising the market orientation strategy. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(9-10), pp.825-841. Vos, L. and Brennan, R. (2010). Complementary and alternative medicine: shaping a marketing research agenda. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 28(3), pp.349-364.

The Distributive Justice of the Market Essay Example For Students

The Distributive Justice of the Market Essay Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites(1) Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. (2) Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both:(a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and(b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. (John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 1971, p.302)Resources are scarce. This is the basic, dismal truth of the dismal science. The second truth is that people consume resources. A basic existential anxiety makes them want more resources than they can consume (the just in case principle). This raises the question of fairness, a.k.a. distributive justice. How should resources be allocated in a manner which will conform to one or more just principles ?This apparently simple question raises a host of more complex ones : what constitutes a resource ? what is meant by allocation ? Who should allocate these resources or should this better be left to some Adam Smithean invisible hand ? Such an invisible hand (working throu gh the price mechanism) should its mode of operation be guided by differences in power, in intelligence, in knowledge, in heritage ? In other words : what should be the entitlement principle, how can it be determined who is entitled to what ?Everything constitutes a resource : income, opportunities, knowledge, brute power, wealth. Everything, therefore, is subject to distribution to individuals (natural persons), groups of people, certain classes. There are many bases for distribution, but the issue is HOW JUST these bases are and how can we ensure that we are distributing resources using a just distribution base. We will write a custom essay on The Distributive Justice of the Market specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We all face opportunities to acquire resources. In a just society, everyone is granted the same access to these opportunities. Access does not translate into ability to make use of it. Idiosyncrasies and differences between accessees will determine the latter, i.e. the outcome of such access. The ability to use is the bridge between the access and the accumulated resources. Given access and the capacity to utilize it resources (material goods, knowledge, etc.) will accrue to the user. There is a hidden assumption in all this : that all men are born equal and deserve equal respect and, therefore equal treatment. This is not self evident. It would have been probably hotly disputed by the 16th century aristocracy. As late as 1930, Jose Ortega Y Gasset thought that people should be given access to resources in accordance with their lineage, up bringing and social responsibilities. The mere fact of biological and mental existence does not endow anyone with rights. Should we equally respect the ignorant and the scholar, the criminal and the virtuous, the atheist and the pious, the male and the female, the old and the young different societies will have different answers. Should the material wealth of these people reflect the different respect that they receive from society, is it the best, most efficacious measure of this respect ? Moreover : what index will be used to measure the equality between people if an egalitarian view is adopted (everyone should have the same) ? Communism (a strict egalitarian idea) foundered exactly on these issues : equal respect and agreed index. It also failed in establishing realistic timeframes. The wish to implement strict egalitarianism here and now transformed communism into the hideous Stalinism that it became. One solution is to specify a bundle or package of goods, services and intangibles (like information or skills or knowledge). Everyone should have the same bundle and justice will be thus guaranteed. But will justice bring happiness and satisfaction in its wake ? Not necessarily. During our life, we construct our own bundle. It reflects our own preferences, priorities and predilections. None of us will be too happy with a standardized bundle, not selected by us. This is precisely where trade and the market come in. It allows for the exchange of goods and services between holders of identical bundles. If I like books, but detest oranges I will give my oranges to someone else in return for his books. That way both of us will be better off than under the strict egalitarian version. Two problems become immediately evident :First, there is no guarantee that I will find my match : a person who is interested in swapping his books for my oranges. Granted, the bigger the market, the more likely I am to find my trading partner. Still, illiquid markets or small ones inhibit the scope of these exchanges. The second problem is that both participants still have to agree on an index : how many books will be given in exchange for how many oranges ? This is the price of the oranges in terms of books. The problem is not solved merely simplified by the introduction of money. Money makes matters more convenient but it does not eliminate the necessity to negotiate. Market failures abound. In other words : money is NOT an index. It is merely a medium of exchange. The index AS EXPRESSED IN MONEY is the underlying agreement regarding the relative values of resources in terms of other resources. .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 , .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .postImageUrl , .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 , .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13:hover , .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13:visited , .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13:active { border:0!important; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13:active , .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13 .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue340001d822a3a0c979e25b3c8581a13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Karl Marx (1881 words) EssayThus, indirectly, trading and the market are instruments of increasing happiness and welfare. The invisible hand is also a just and benevolent one. Money is a medium of exchange which increases happiness because it facilitates exchanges, makes life easier, increases our welfare by allowing us to get exactly what we want. We trade what we do not want, nor need for what we both want and need. But money is imperfect. As Rawles has demonstrated (1971), it is incomplete when we attempt to measure intangibles and needs to be combined with other measures. For instance, how can we use it to measure opportunities?Some say that all people should have the same resources at some initial point (the starting gate). What they do with these resources and how they plunder or increase their wealth is their business. The initial distribution should be equal the end distribution should depend on the use made of the resources and, ultimately, on the users themselves. More egalitarian thinkers proposed that income should be equal in each time frame. But this raises yet another problem : even if the income is identical, what determines the accumulation of wealth is the USE made of the income. An example : a person who would use up all his income (not to mention borrow against his future income) will, inevitably, end up poorer than a person who saved some of the money for rainy days. Finally, relative disparities of wealth will emerge. What then ? Should the excess wealth be confiscated in order to equalize their positions ? Perhaps, a society-wide law should specify how much can be saved and how much must be expended ? This would limit freedo m, show no respect to people, involve coercion and worse, conflict with what people desire and deserve to have (conflict with free will and free choice or with the freedom of expression as well as with basic rights, like the right to be content). It is better to effect an egalitarian distribution of wealth through taxation and welfare payments. These are redistributive mechanisms which reset the wealth clock within every time frame (at the end of every month or fiscal year). Still, is there any moral difference between confiscating and expropriating savings outright and doing it through elaborate state apparatuses like the tax system ? Not really. The anti-tax movements do seem to hold some moral grounds. That part of the tax revenues that is distributed to the less well off could easily be portrayed as punitive : it punishes enterprise, success, entrepreneurship, courage, foresight and many other virtues. Welfare, on the other hand, partly seems to reward dependence and parasitism . We opened this article with Rawles Difference Principle. For him, all the principles of justice are reducible to principles of distrior retributive justice. This is far fetched. Many human activities are not income or money dependent. There are inherent inequalities between people which do not allow us to respect them equally. Moreover : what drives humans (and, maximizes the benefits to the least advantaged) is based on conflict and inequality. It is the same as in the physical world. Equality might motivate people in the short term. But than it atrophies and leads to social corruption and death. A useful lesson can be learned from the field of thermodynamics : an inequality of energy is required in order to generate motion and life. As energy dissipates and is equalized (a state of entropy) all grinds to a halt and death prevails. A moral question does arise regarding natural inequalities. The mentally retarded, the mentally insane, the hemiplegic and quadriplegic, the chronically ill did not choose to be so. Dworkin (1981) proposed a compensation scheme. First, he postulated a model of fair distribution. In this model, all of us are given the same purchasing power and use it to bid, in a fair auction, for resources that best fit our life plan, goals and preferences. We are then permitted to use these resources as we see fit and although we may end up with disparate economic results, we cannot complain : we were given the same purchasing power and we could have bid for any other resource that we might have needed. Dworkin assumes that prior to the hypothetical auction, people are unaware of their own natural endowments but wish (and are able) to insure against being naturally disadvantaged. Their payments will create an insurance pool to compensate the less fortunate for their misfortune. This scheme is, at b est dubious. We are usually very much aware of our natural endowments and of the natural endowments and liabilities of others. Therefore, the demand for insurance is not unanimous and equal amongst us all. Some of us badly need and want it others not at all. If such insurance were available and were traded between willing buyers and sellers (who willingly forego resources to pay for it) no moral problem would have arisen. But if such insurance is imposed upon those who do not need it or wish it and covers those who, ab initio, gave up no resources and did not invest work or effort in obtaining it it is immoral. Such insurance is bought and paid for with a restriction of our freedoms and liberties. This, in effect, is the essence of most of the modern welfare programs. This is not to mention the practical problem of how to measure differences in natural endowments, how to distinguish them from acquired ones and who will determine what should be included in the list of natural disa dvantages. .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 , .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .postImageUrl , .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 , .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130:hover , .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130:visited , .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130:active { border:0!important; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130:active , .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130 .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91051e9814d24992a2881b99fe888130:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hebrew and Greek Beliefs on Gods and the begining EssayThis is the philosophical basis of capitalism : that the market is wiser than any of its operators and participants. That humans do not need to bother themselves with constructing patterns of just distribution. That the market will reward justly those who deserve it (no matter which criterion for desert is used). Capitalism works, on the whole. Its truth value is substantiated by its continued existence and success. The Libertarians adopted this view of human inability to dispense with justice by establishing a just pattern of distribution. Instead of imposing a pattern on society, they limited themselves to ascertaining that the market players engage in just acquisitions and in just exchanges. The market is just if the exchanges permitted in it are just and just actions always result in just outcomes. Justice is not dependent on a particular distribution pattern, whether as a a starting point, or as an outcome. Robert Nozick proposed his Entitlement Theory in 1974 which was based on this approach. Still, one issue remained unresolved : the accumulation of wealth, ownership, why first owners should exclude others from owning the very same thing ? What moral right to exclude others is gained from being the first ?Nozick advanced the Lockean Proviso : an exclusive acquisition of the outside world is just only if, following it, there is enough and as good left in common for others. If the position of others is not worsened by the acquisition then it is morally permissible. But that their situation is not worsened does not mean that it could not have been better in an alternative situation (distribution). There is no morally plausible and defensible justification of the Lockean Proviso. Exclusive ownership is the result of real-life irreversibility. The first has the advantage of excess information, has invested work, time, effort. All these are irreversible facts leading to an irreversible situation : ownership. The act of owning involves investments and the latter relate to the future. Thus, we encounter another information asymmetry : we know nothing about the future and everything about the past. This asymmetry is known as investment risk. By taking on investment risk the first owner attains ownership. Ownership is the compensation for investment risk, setting the asymmetry straight. The situation of the others is ALWAYS worse off by the amount of profits that the owner makes. Profits reflect inherent inefficiency, an intrinsic compensation. There is a law of conservation of benefits, the situation is always win-lose. A product or service could always have been sold to the others for a profitless, lower, price, thereby increasing their well-being. If we say, on the other hand, that ownership is the result of adding value to the world, of improving reality it is only reasonable to expect it to equal all the value added which can be derived presently and in the future. Equipped with this understanding of both our shortcomings (we are unable to construct a just distribution pattern which will also be practicable) and of our abilities (to barter investment risk for exclusive ownership) we embarked on the long road to mature, full bodied, capitalism. We are still not there : visionaries keep popping up with new just distribution patterns, governments keep intervening, incomes keep being redistributed, ownership keeps being contested. But these are phenomena of the past. As capitalism demonstrates its inexhaustible ability to increase well-being and the inexorability of this trend of increase becomes evident the more inevitable the outcome.